Landscape Design Element: Line
Lines are one of the simplest and most fundamental elements in landscape design. They form the foundation for all other design components and actively shape the layout and movement within a space. At their core, lines are simply two connected points—and they can take many forms: horizontal, vertical, straight, curved, thick, thin, diagonal, or wavy.
Moreover, lines provide structure, frame views, and can be used to direct or even divert attention. You’ll encounter them throughout the landscape—where different materials meet, in the outline of a garden bed, or in the form and combination of plants. Additionally, fences, pathways, bed edges, and hardscape transitions all create strong lines that influence how a space is perceived and experienced.
A combination of vertical and horizontal lines can create a dynamic view.
Horizontal Lines
Horizontal lines are commonly used to guide the viewer’s eye across a landscape. These lines naturally pause the gaze, then lead it smoothly along their path. For instance, you’ll frequently see them in garden walkways, planting borders, low walls, and structured rows of hedges. Furthermore, horizontal lines define space and promote a sense of calm. When used strategically, longer horizontal lines can even make a space appear wider and more open.
A low horizontal fence leads the eye.
Vertical Lines (forward)
In contrast, vertical lines draw the eye upward and add a sense of height. For example, planting a tall tree or incorporating vertical structures in the right location can emphasize verticality and make an outdoor space feel more expansive. To enhance this effect, consider using narrow, upright plantings as vertical accents. These elements not only contribute to a feeling of movement but also bring elegance and rhythm to the design.
An arbor or a well-placed birdhouse adds a vertical element and welcomes visitors.
Straight Lines
Straight lines offer clarity and direction. They convey order and strength, making them especially effective in formal or modern garden designs. Therefore, placing a garden accessory, sculpture, or focal plant at the end of a straight line creates a strong visual anchor. Straight lines are most often established through hardscape features such as walkways or retaining walls; however, you can reinforce them by aligning plants or using clipped hedges in parallel.
A bench and gravel serve as a focal point at the end of this straight path.
Curved Lines
Meanwhile, curved lines invite exploration and create a more relaxed, natural feel. Often perceived as softer and more fluid, curved bed lines guide the viewer on a gentle, winding journey. They are particularly effective in informal gardens, where they offer opportunities for discovery and surprise around each bend. When applied thoughtfully, curves soften harsh angles and add character, movement, and charm to the overall landscape design.
In every successful landscape design, lines serve as a visual guide, shaping how we move through and engage with the space. Whether straight or curved, bold or subtle, each line plays an active role in establishing flow, structure, and emphasis. By understanding and applying line with intention, you can highlight key features, create balance, and enhance the user experience. So as you plan your next project, take time to observe the existing lines—and consider how purposeful line design can transform your outdoor space.
By Kristen Kelly, CNLP
Additional Information:
Negative Space as a Design Element | Vol.1